【參考譯文】霍夫斯塔說我們國家的教育體系控制在這樣一些人手中——他們“得意并挑釁地宣稱他們對智商的敵視，以及他們認同那些在智商方面最沒有希望的孩子們�！�

　　【真題例句】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his

　　primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底)

　　way about moral problems。(2006-46)

　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主句為I shall define him as an individual…。定語從句who has elected as…(直到句末)用來修飾先行詞individual，關系代詞who在從句中指代先行詞作主語。在該定語從句中，我們注意到構成“elect…as…”的結構，在此句中翻譯為“選擇……作為……”。

　　【參考譯文】我將他(知識分子)定義為這種個體：用蘇格拉底式的方式思考道德問題，并將此作為自己人生的首要責任和樂趣。

　　【真題例句】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept

　　the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of

　　reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)

　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主干為一個系表結構His function is analogous to that of a judge，逗號后who引導的非限制性定語從句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning…修飾先行詞judge。在此從句中，賓語obligation后的定語由介賓結構of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning…充當。此介賓短語比較復雜，正常語序應為revealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible，這里as obvious as possible作狀語，在原句中以分隔結構出現。句末reasoning 由which引導的定語從句which led him to his decision修飾，which在從句中指代reasoning作主語。

　　【參考譯文】知識分子(參見前文)的作用與法官相似，他必須盡義務用盡可能清楚的方式解釋自己作出結論的推理過程。

　　【真題例句】Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created

　　equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,

　　overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will。(2008閱讀4)

　　【結構分析】本句主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition…。兩個逗號間為who引導的非限制性定語從句，以分隔結構出現，修飾主語Washington。該從句中，believe的賓語由名詞性從句that all men were created equal after…充當，句末的不定式結構 to grant his slaves their freedom in his will作整個句子的狀語。

　　【參考譯文】在看到獨立戰爭中黑人士兵的英勇表現并開始相信人人生而平等后，華盛頓克服了親屬的強烈反對，按照自己的意愿，讓他的奴隸們獲得了自由。

　　(2)關系代詞指人并構成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。

　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that

　　the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)

　　【結構分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。

　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫學界的人承認，協助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現代醫學延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。